Ketone bodies and the regulation of pyroptosis and ferroptosis: a review of therapeutic perspectives
The review by Wu et al. collates experimental evidence that β‑hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate can modulate pyroptosis and ferroptosis, two inflammation‑linked forms of regulated cell death. The authors discuss how nutritional ketosis—induced by ketogenic diets or fasting—might influence disease processes through these pathways, while acknowledging that mechanistic details remain incomplete.
Study and findings
Wu and colleagues provide a narrative synthesis of pre‑clinical studies that examined the impact of the three main ketone bodies—β‑hydroxybutyrate (β‑HB), acetoacetate (AcAc) and acetone—on pyroptosis and ferroptosis. The review highlights that β‑HB and AcAc can inhibit inflammasome activation, reduce gasdermin‑D cleavage and suppress interleukin‑1β release, thereby attenuating pyroptotic cell death. In parallel, both metabolites appear to limit lipid peroxidation and iron‑dependent reactive oxygen species accumulation, key drivers of ferroptosis, through activation of antioxidant pathways such as Nrf2 and modulation of GPX4 activity. The authors also summarize animal models in which ketogenic interventions reduced disease severity in tumor, neurodegenerative and renal injury settings, attributing part of the benefit to altered pyroptotic or ferroptotic signaling.
Clinical interpretation
The evidence presented is largely pre‑clinical, derived from cell culture and rodent experiments. Consequently, the review can only suggest that achieving nutritional ketosis may influence disease pathways that involve pyroptosis or ferroptosis. For clinicians, this implies that ketogenic dietary strategies could be considered as adjunctive approaches in conditions where these forms of cell death are implicated, but the current data do not establish efficacy, optimal ketone concentrations, or safety in human patients. The discussion of ongoing clinical trials indicates that translational work is underway, yet definitive therapeutic recommendations cannot be drawn at this stage.
Limitations and open questions
The primary limitation is the reliance on experimental models; human data on ketone‑mediated modulation of pyroptosis or ferroptosis are scarce. Dose‑response relationships, the relative contribution of each ketone body, and the interaction with standard therapies remain undefined. Moreover, the review does not address potential adverse effects of sustained ketosis, such as dyslipidemia or renal stress, which could offset theoretical benefits. Future investigations need well‑designed clinical trials that measure biomarkers of pyroptosis and ferroptosis alongside clinical outcomes to determine whether the mechanistic insights translate into patient benefit.
Source
Wu N, Wei X, Du S, Zhang X. Ketone bodies in the regulation of pyroptosis and ferroptosis: opportunities for disease therapy. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2026 Oct 31; PMID 42966494.