Stepwise ketogenic parenteral nutrition in a pediatric patient with refractory epilepsy during prolonged bowel rest
Research Analysis
A 14‑month‑old girl with drug‑resistant epilepsy and a duodenal perforation received a structured, stepwise ketogenic parenteral nutrition (kPN) regimen for 38 days. Serum β‑hydroxybutyrate exceeded 1.0 mmol/L, seizures decreased by roughly half, and metabolic parameters remained within acceptable ranges, suggesting that kPN can be administered safely when enteral ketogenic diet is not feasible.
Study and findings
The authors describe a single pediatric case in which ketogenic parenteral nutrition was initiated after a duodenal perforation required prolonged bowel rest. Energy and fluid needs were calculated using standard equations, and dextrose was started at 5 % and weaned to 0.1 % while lipid (SMOF) was titrated up to 3.7 g/kg/day, exceeding the FDA infusion‑rate recommendation but maintaining triglycerides between 92–116 mg/dL. Carnitine supplementation and full age‑specific protein provision were included. Ketosis, defined as serum β‑OHB > 1.0 mmol/L, was achieved by day 16. Over the 38‑day kPN course, seizure frequency fell by less than 50 %, glucose remained 60–101 mg/dL, and liver enzymes and triglycerides stayed within normal limits. The patient transitioned to an enteral ketogenic diet without loss of seizure control.
Clinical interpretation
This report illustrates that a carefully monitored, stepwise kPN protocol can produce therapeutic ketosis and modest seizure reduction in a child who cannot receive enteral feeds. The use of SMOF, which contains medium‑chain triglycerides and a low glycerol content, allowed lipid advancement while keeping carbohydrate load low enough to sustain ketosis. Monitoring of β‑OHB, glucose, triglycerides, and liver enzymes enabled early detection of potential adverse effects, none of which manifested despite the high lipid infusion rate. The case supports the feasibility of kPN as a bridge to enteral ketogenic therapy in similar clinical scenarios.
Limitations and open questions
As a single case report, the findings cannot be generalized to broader pediatric populations. The seizure reduction was modest and not compared with a control condition, so causality cannot be established. Long‑term outcomes after transition to enteral therapy were not quantified, and the optimal ketogenic ratio for kPN remains uncertain because the formulation was limited to a maximum ratio of 1.5. Future prospective studies are needed to define efficacy, safety thresholds, and the ideal lipid composition for kPN in refractory epilepsy.
Source
Sheikh Z et al., JPGN Reports, 2026.