Poly‑β‑hydroxybutyrate nanoparticles associated with improved septic immunoparalysis in preclinical models
Sepsis‑induced immunoparalysis was attenuated by biodegradable poly‑β‑hydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanoparticles that provide sustained release of β‑hydroxybutyrate, restoring cellular bioenergetics and improving survival in septic mice, with ex‑vivo confirmation in monocytes from a small patient cohort.
Study and findings
The authors fabricated poly‑β‑hydroxybutyrate nanoparticles (PHB NPs) by emulsion‑solvent evaporation to overcome the rapid clearance and systemic toxicity of free β‑hydroxybutyrate (BHB). The optimized formulation displayed uniform spherical particles, prolonged circulation, good biocompatibility, and wide tissue distribution. In vitro, PHB NPs reduced markers of immunoparalysis in immune cells. In a murine sepsis model, treatment with PHB NPs increased survival, restored responsiveness to a lipopolysaccharide rechallenge, and preserved cognitive function in survivors. Mechanistic studies showed that the sustained BHB release re‑energized immunoparalyzed cells via the tricarboxylic‑acid‑cycle oxidative‑phosphorylation (TCA‑OXPHOS) pathway. Similar bioenergetic restoration was observed ex‑vivo in peripheral blood monocytes from a limited number of septic patients.
Clinical interpretation
These preclinical data suggest that delivering BHB through a biodegradable polymer carrier can correct the metabolic deficit that underlies sepsis‑related immune dysfunction. By re‑activating the TCA‑OXPHOS axis, PHB NPs appear to reverse the energy‑starved state of immune cells, thereby improving their capacity to respond to secondary challenges. The observed survival benefit and preservation of cognition in mice indicate that metabolic rescue may translate into clinically relevant outcomes, although human data are limited to ex‑vivo monocyte assays.
Limitations and open questions
The study is confined to animal experiments and a small ex‑vivo patient sample; therefore, efficacy and safety in humans remain unproven. The nanoparticle formulation was not compared with alternative BHB delivery strategies, leaving the relative advantage of PHB NPs uncertain. Long‑term toxicity, optimal dosing, and potential interactions with standard sepsis therapies were not addressed. Future investigations should include controlled clinical trials to determine whether the bioenergetic restoration observed in mice can be replicated in patients with septic immunoparalysis.
Source
Source: Xu S et al. Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Nanoparticles Improve Septic Immunoparalysis and Prognosis by Energy-Refreshing via Controlled Release of β-Hydroxybutyrate. Small. 2026 Oct 30; DOI:10.1002/smll.76509. PMID: 42963879.