Clinical, metabolic and non‑invasive imaging features of prurigo pigmentosa in a retrospective case series
A retrospective review of nine women with histologically confirmed prurigo pigmentosa identified frequent metabolic abnormalities and highlighted dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy as useful adjuncts to diagnosis, especially when dietary triggers such as caloric restriction or ketogenic diets are present.
Study and findings
The authors examined medical records from July 2020 to April 2026 for patients with histopathologically confirmed prurigo pigmentosa (PP) who also had metabolic screening results. Nine female patients, aged 17 to 33 years, were included. All experienced seasonal eruptions between June and September, and seven reported a dietary trigger; four described caloric restriction and three were on ketogenic diets. Disease duration varied from half a month to over three years, and initial diagnoses were often eczema or contact dermatitis. Metabolic assessment revealed dyslipidemia in eight patients, type 2 diabetes in three, elevated urinary ketones in three, hepatic steatosis in seven, and increased body‑mass index in seven. Clinical staging identified early, fully developed, and late lesions. Dermoscopic examination showed punctate, linear and reticular vascular patterns together with granular, patchy or honey‑comb brown pigmentation. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) demonstrated epidermal spongiosis, basal cell degeneration, melanophage infiltration and dermal inflammatory infiltrates.
Clinical interpretation
The case series underscores that PP often co‑exists with metabolic disturbances, particularly dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis, and may be precipitated by dietary practices that alter ketone production. Non‑invasive imaging contributed specific visual cues: vascular patterns on dermoscopy and cellular changes on RCM that are not apparent on routine examination. These modalities can therefore aid clinicians in distinguishing PP from more common eczematous conditions, reducing misdiagnosis that was frequent in this cohort. The association between ketogenic or calorie‑restricted diets and PP, while observed, remains descriptive; the data do not establish a causal link but suggest that metabolic shifts merit attention when PP recurs.
Limitations and open questions
The series is limited to nine patients, all female and relatively young, which restricts generalizability to broader populations. Absence of a control group precludes assessment of whether the metabolic abnormalities are specific to PP or reflect background prevalence. The retrospective design relies on chart documentation, potentially missing subtle triggers or laboratory variations. Future prospective studies with larger, gender‑balanced cohorts and systematic metabolic profiling are needed to clarify whether ketogenic diets or other metabolic changes directly influence PP pathogenesis.
Source
Tan MJ et al. Clinical, metabolic, dermoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopy features of prurigo pigmentosa: a retrospective case series. Ann Med. 2026.