Vitreous humor beta‑hydroxybutyrate testing shows strong agreement with blood measurements in fatal ketoacidosis
In a retrospective case‑control series of 406 adult autopsies, enzymatic measurement of beta‑hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in vitreous humor correlated >0.94 with blood BHB quantified by GC‑MS or LC‑MS/MS. ROC analysis defined vitreous BHB cut‑offs that identified fatal diabetic ketoacidosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis with >94% sensitivity and >93% specificity, supporting vitreous fluid as a reliable post‑mortem matrix for ketoacidosis diagnosis.
Study and findings
The investigators examined 406 adult decedents whose post‑mortem toxicology included blood BHB measured by either gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry. Vitreous humor from the same cases was assayed enzymatically for BHB. Cases were categorized into five groups—no ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA), hypothermia, and ketoacidosis not otherwise specified—using a combination of BHB levels, post‑mortem glycated hemoglobin, case history, and autopsy observations. Across the entire cohort, vitreous BHB showed a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.94 with blood BHB, irrespective of the analytical platform used for blood. Receiver‑operating characteristic curves yielded vitreous BHB thresholds of 478 mg/L (4.60 mmol/L) for DKA (n = 39) and 283 mg/L (2.72 mmol/L) for AKA (n = 33). The DKA threshold achieved 94.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity; the AKA threshold achieved 97.0% sensitivity and 93.4% specificity, with area‑under‑the‑curve values exceeding 0.97 for both.
Clinical interpretation
These data indicate that enzymatic quantification of BHB in vitreous humor provides a measurement that is virtually interchangeable with gold‑standard blood assays for the purpose of post‑mortem ketoacidosis detection. The high correlation suggests that post‑mortem redistribution or degradation does not materially affect vitreous BHB levels. Moreover, the identified vitreous cut‑offs allow forensic pathologists to distinguish fatal DKA from AKA with a level of diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of blood testing, while avoiding the logistical challenges of blood collection in advanced decomposition.
Limitations and open questions
The study is retrospective and limited to autopsies performed at a single jurisdiction, which may affect generalizability to other populations or to cases with different post‑mortem intervals. The enzymatic assay’s performance was not compared with a parallel enzymatic measurement in blood, so assay‑specific bias cannot be excluded. Finally, the analysis did not address whether vitreous BHB thresholds differ in pediatric decedents or in mixed‑cause deaths where ketoacidosis co‑exists with other metabolic disturbances.
Source
Basso Q et al. Comparing clinical laboratory beta‑hydroxybutyrate testing of vitreous humor against toxicological blood analyses in ketoacidosis deaths. J Forensic Sci. 2026;71(4):123‑131. PMID: 42921968.