Time-Restricted Ketogenic Diet Combined with Exercise Associated with Improved Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Reduced Sleep Quality in Overweight Young Adults
A four‑week randomized trial in overweight/obese young adults examined non‑energy‑restricted, time‑restricted ketogenic diets alone or with moderate‑intensity continuous training or sprint interval training. The ketogenic diet produced modest weight loss and increased VO₂peak when paired with exercise, but sleep quality, measured by the PSQI, deteriorated across all ketogenic groups.
Study and findings
Sixty‑eight participants were allocated to four arms (control, ketogenic diet alone, ketogenic diet plus sprint interval training, ketogenic diet plus moderate‑intensity continuous training), with 59 completing the protocol. All ketogenic arms lost 5–6 % of body weight (large effect sizes). Relative VO₂peak rose by 13 % in the sprint interval group and by 7.8 % in the continuous‑training group, whereas the control diet showed no change. Sleep quality, assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, worsened in every ketogenic arm (PSQI increase of 12–30 %). Daytime dysfunction scores improved in the exercise‑combined ketogenic groups but deteriorated in the ketogenic‑only arm.
Clinical interpretation
The data suggest that a short‑term, time‑restricted ketogenic diet can enhance aerobic capacity when paired with moderate or high‑intensity exercise, likely reflecting improved substrate utilization during training. However, the concurrent decline in sleep quality indicates a trade‑off that may limit tolerability or long‑term adherence. The correlation between greater weight loss and larger PSQI worsening implies that metabolic shifts driving rapid fat loss may also disrupt sleep architecture, at least during the early phase of ketosis.
Limitations and open questions
The trial lasted only four weeks, preventing assessment of whether sleep disturbances resolve with prolonged adaptation to ketosis. Sample size was modest, and the study did not include a non‑ketogenic, exercise‑only comparator, limiting attribution of sleep effects specifically to the diet versus the exercise regimen. Objective sleep measures (e.g., polysomnography) were not employed, so the PSQI findings rely on self‑report. Future longer‑duration trials with larger cohorts and objective sleep monitoring are needed to determine the durability of cardiorespiratory gains and the trajectory of sleep quality during sustained ketogenic interventions.
Source
Wu Z et al. Time-Restricted Ketogenic Diet Combined with Exercise Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness but Compromises Sleep Quality in Overweight and Obese Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 2026; PMID 42868613.