Dietary fat linked to enhanced lung neutrophil antitumor activity in mouse models
In mice fed high‑fat or ketogenic diets, lung‑resident neutrophils displayed greater reactive‑oxygen‑species production and tumor‑killing capacity, an effect traced to serum palmitic acid and cholesterol‑driven activation of lung endothelial cells. Human data showed parallel correlations between serum cholesterol and neutrophil activation markers.
Study and findings
The investigators used mouse models of lung metastasis (B16 melanoma) and primary Lewis lung carcinoma to compare chow, high‑fat diet (HFD) and ketogenic diet (KD). Both HFD‑ and KD‑fed mice showed reduced pulmonary tumor burden relative to chow‑fed controls, whether the diet was started before tumor inoculation (prophylactic) or after (therapeutic). Enhanced tumor resistance was linked to intrapulmonary neutrophils that produced more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediated ROS‑dependent cytotoxicity; systemic neutrophils were unchanged. Mechanistic work identified elevated serum palmitic acid and cholesterol as drivers that activate lung vascular endothelial cells (LVECs). LVECs, via contact‑dependent and ICAM‑1‑mediated signaling, reprogram neutrophils toward a ROS‑producing phenotype. In parallel, analysis of human lung cancer samples revealed that higher serum cholesterol correlated with increased myeloperoxidase (a ROS enzyme) in tumor‑infiltrating neutrophils, and single‑cell data suggested that LVEC‑derived adhesion signals may similarly prime human neutrophils.
Clinical interpretation
These preclinical data indicate that dietary fat can modulate the immune microenvironment of the lung by reshaping neutrophil function through endothelial signaling. The observed ROS‑dependent cytotoxicity suggests a potential mechanism by which excess dietary lipids might augment innate antitumor defenses in pulmonary tissue. The human correlative findings provide preliminary support that serum lipid levels may influence neutrophil activation status in lung cancer patients, although causality cannot be inferred.
Limitations and open questions
The study is limited to murine tumor models; translation to human disease requires direct interventional evidence. The dietary interventions were not isolated to specific fatty‑acid profiles, making it unclear which component (palmitic acid, cholesterol, or other lipids) is most critical. Human analyses were observational correlations without functional validation. Future work should test whether modifying serum lipid concentrations in patients can reproducibly reprogram lung neutrophils and affect clinical outcomes, ideally in controlled dietary or pharmacologic trials.
Source
Wang Y et al. Dietary fat boosts lung tissue-specific antitumor immunity via reprogramming intravascular neutrophils. J Immunother Cancer. 2026;10:e015726. PMID: 42864145.