Bibliometric trends, mechanistic insights, and microbiota‑targeted therapeutic prospects in the gut‑microbiota–epilepsy axis
The authors synthesize human and animal literature on gut dysbiosis and epilepsy, highlighting pathways such as short‑chain fatty acids, tryptophan‑kynurenine metabolism, vagal signaling, and microbial amyloids. They map recent bibliometric growth, propose a peri‑ictal multi‑omics framework for biomarker discovery, and outline emerging microbiome‑based interventions, including synbiotics and engineered psychobiotics.
Study and findings
This narrative review collates data from clinical and pre‑clinical investigations linking gut dysbiosis to seizure susceptibility. The authors describe how alterations in short‑chain fatty acid production, tryptophan‑kynurenine pathways, immune signaling, and neuronal excitability may contribute to epileptogenesis. Less‑explored mechanisms such as vagus nerve modulation, microbial amyloid exposure, bacterial extracellular vesicles, and the queuosine salvage pathway are also discussed. Bibliometric analysis shows a surge in publications focusing on the gut‑brain axis, ketogenic diet, and inflammation in epilepsy. The review culminates in a proposed peri‑ictal multi‑omics strategy—combining metagenomics, metabolomics, and host transcriptomics—to identify biomarkers, and it surveys next‑generation microbiota‑targeted therapies, including SCFA‑restoring synbiotics, engineered psychobiotics, bacteriophage therapy, and AI‑guided personalization.
Clinical interpretation
The synthesis suggests that gut microbiota composition is a modifiable factor that could complement existing antiepileptic regimens. By restoring short‑chain fatty acids or modulating immune‑metabolic pathways, microbiota‑based interventions might attenuate seizure frequency or severity, although direct clinical efficacy remains to be demonstrated. The proposed multi‑omics approach offers a systematic way to capture dynamic microbiome changes around seizures, potentially enabling patient‑specific biomarker panels. Emerging therapeutic concepts—such as engineered psychobiotics designed to deliver neuroactive metabolites—represent a shift from empirical dietary modifications toward precision microbiome medicine.
Limitations and open questions
The review relies on heterogeneous studies, many of which are pre‑clinical or observational, limiting causal inference about microbiota manipulation in epilepsy. Standardized sampling protocols and longitudinal designs are lacking, which hampers reproducibility of dysbiosis signatures. The translational roadmap proposes interventions that have not yet undergone rigorous clinical testing; safety, dosing, and regulatory considerations remain unresolved. Future randomized controlled trials with well‑defined microbiome endpoints are needed to determine whether the suggested therapies can produce clinically meaningful seizure control.
Source
Source: Khan A et al. Molecular Neurobiology. 2026; PMID 42858216.