Ketogenic diet and exercise modalities linked to cardiometabolic changes in women with PCOS: results of a network meta‑analysis
A network meta‑analysis of 43 randomized trials (2 433 participants) compared dietary and exercise strategies for cardiometabolic health in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The ketogenic diet was associated with reductions in waist circumference and BMI, while aerobic exercise, mind‑body exercise, and high‑intensity interval training ranked highest for several metabolic and lipid outcomes. Overall confidence in the estimates was low to very low.
Study and findings
The authors performed a systematic search of five databases up to 9 June 2026 and included randomized controlled trials that evaluated lifestyle interventions lasting at least two weeks in women with PCOS. An arm‑based multilevel Bayesian random‑effects network meta‑analysis generated mean‑difference estimates with 95 % credible intervals. Within the dietary network, the ketogenic diet (two arms, 86 participants) reduced waist circumference by 5.7 cm and BMI by 2.6 kg/m² compared with control conditions. In the exercise network, aerobic exercise (seven arms, 141 participants) showed the greatest reduction in waist‑to‑hip ratio (MD − 0.03), and mind‑body exercise (three arms, 72 participants) produced the largest improvements in HOMA‑IR (MD − 0.63), fasting glucose (MD − 0.16 mmol/L), triglycerides (MD − 0.28 mmol/L), fasting insulin (MD − 6.3 pmol/L) and LDL‑C (MD − 0.26 mmol/L). High‑intensity interval training (six arms, 117 participants) ranked best for raising HDL‑C (MD + 0.05 mmol/L), and aerobic exercise also yielded the greatest systolic blood‑pressure reduction (MD − 3.5 mmHg). The analysis identified an exercise dose of roughly 480–1012 MET·min/week, corresponding to moderate‑to‑vigorous intensity (7.2–9.4 METs), 60 min per session, three sessions per week for 13–17 weeks, as the range most frequently associated with favorable outcomes.
Clinical interpretation
These network estimates suggest that, among dietary options, a ketogenic regimen may confer modest reductions in central adiposity and overall BMI in PCOS, while specific exercise modalities appear to target distinct metabolic pathways. Aerobic activity may be preferable for body‑shape measures and blood‑pressure control, whereas mind‑body practices and HIIT could be more effective for insulin sensitivity, lipid modulation, and HDL‑C elevation. The dose‑response analysis indicates that a weekly energetic expenditure equivalent to 480–1012 MET·min, achieved through moderate‑to‑vigorous sessions of about an hour three times weekly, aligns with the greatest predicted benefit across multiple cardiometabolic domains. However, the low to very low certainty ratings (CINeMA) temper confidence in translating these rankings into definitive therapeutic prescriptions.
Limitations and open questions
The certainty of evidence was limited by the small number of trials contributing to several network nodes, especially for the ketogenic diet and some exercise subtypes, leading to wide credible intervals. Heterogeneity in intervention protocols, dietary composition, and exercise intensity across studies hampers direct comparability. Most trials reported short‑term outcomes; long‑term sustainability and impact on hard cardiovascular events remain unknown. Future high‑quality randomized trials with standardized intervention definitions and longer follow‑up are needed to confirm whether the observed associations translate into clinically meaningful risk reduction for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in PCOS.
Source
Zhang X et al. Lifestyle interventions for cardiometabolic health in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update. 2026.