Dietary patterns linked to cardiovascular disease risk: insights from a narrative review
The review collates current evidence on individual foods, beverages, and dietary patterns, highlighting that overall diet quality, rather than isolated nutrients, best predicts cardiovascular risk. It notes modest benefits of moderate egg and coffee intake, potential harms of binge alcohol and unfiltered coffee, and mixed effects of low‑carbohydrate/ketogenic diets on lipid profiles.
Study and findings
This narrative review synthesizes observational and interventional literature on dietary factors that influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The authors discuss several controversial items: moderate egg consumption appears acceptable when embedded in a high‑quality diet, but preparation method (e.g., fried vs. boiled) can modify risk. Habitual moderate coffee intake is described as neutral to modestly cardioprotective, whereas unfiltered coffee raises LDL‑C due to retained diterpenes. No safe threshold for alcohol was identified; binge drinking consistently shows harm. Low‑carbohydrate and ketogenic diets improve some metabolic markers but may sustain higher LDL‑C and apolipoprotein B, especially when animal fats replace carbohydrates. Omega‑3 supplementation shows dose‑dependent reductions in coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, with atrial fibrillation risk limited to high‑dose regimens in high‑risk groups. Among dietary patterns, the Mediterranean and DASH diets have the strongest evidence for CVD risk reduction, while the Portfolio diet effectively lowers lipids. The overarching message is that overall dietary pattern quality predicts CVD risk more reliably than any single food or nutrient.
Clinical interpretation
For clinicians counseling patients, the review suggests prioritizing whole‑diet approaches—such as Mediterranean or DASH patterns—over isolated nutrient manipulation. Moderate egg and coffee intake can be accommodated within these patterns, provided preparation methods that minimize LDL‑C elevation (e.g., boiled eggs, filtered coffee) are chosen. Alcohol counseling should emphasize avoidance of binge episodes rather than seeking a protective dose. When patients adopt low‑carbohydrate or ketogenic regimens, clinicians should monitor lipid panels, particularly LDL‑C and apolipoprotein B, and consider the source of fats. Omega‑3 supplementation may be beneficial for secondary prevention, but dose titration is important to avoid arrhythmic risk in susceptible individuals.
Limitations and open questions
The review relies on heterogeneous studies, many of which are observational and subject to residual confounding. Evidence on specific foods (e.g., eggs, coffee) often stems from subgroup analyses rather than dedicated trials, limiting causal inference. The long‑term cardiovascular impact of sustained LDL‑C elevation on ketogenic diets remains uncertain, especially in diverse populations and with varying animal versus plant fat sources. Dose‑response relationships for omega‑3 fatty acids and the threshold at which atrial fibrillation risk emerges need clarification through randomized trials. Future research should aim for well‑controlled, long‑duration interventions that compare whole‑diet patterns head‑to‑head while rigorously tracking clinical outcomes.
Source
Sultan S et al. Diet and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Med. 2026 Oct; PMID: 42822582.