Multi‑biomarker risk score incorporating circulating ketone bodies and incident atrial fibrillation in the MESA cohort
In a prospective cohort of 6,429 adults without cardiovascular disease, a risk score that combines elevated total ketone bodies, NT‑proBNP, and hs‑cTnT shows a graded association with incident atrial fibrillation over a median of 16 years. Adding ketone bodies to the established biomarker panel yields only a modest change in discrimination and no clear net clinical benefit.
Study and findings
The Multi‑Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) enrolled participants free of atrial fibrillation and clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Researchers measured total circulating ketone bodies, NT‑proBNP, and high‑sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‑cTnT) and constructed a composite risk score: Very Low (0 points), Low (1–3 points), Intermediate (4–5 points), and High (>5 points). Over 16.4 years of follow‑up, 1,269 individuals developed atrial fibrillation before death. Compared with the Very Low category, the High risk score was associated with a hazard ratio of 2.72 (95 % CI 2.11–3.49). Discrimination for atrial fibrillation, measured by the area under the receiver‑operating‑characteristic curve, improved slightly from 0.768 (CHARGE‑AF model) to 0.784 after adding NT‑proBNP and to 0.787 after adding hs‑cTnT. Incorporating ketone bodies on top of these two biomarkers did not materially alter the AUC, and decision‑curve analysis showed no clear incremental net benefit.
Clinical interpretation
The findings indicate that circulating ketone bodies, when combined with established cardiac injury markers, identify individuals at higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation. The graded risk across score categories suggests that the biomarker panel captures a continuum of underlying cardio‑metabolic stress. However, the modest change in AUC and the lack of net benefit in decision‑curve analysis imply that ketone bodies add limited incremental predictive information beyond NT‑proBNP and hs‑cTnT. For clinicians, the score may help refine risk stratification in research settings, but its utility for guiding therapeutic decisions remains uncertain.
Limitations and open questions
The study relied on a single baseline measurement of ketone bodies and cardiac biomarkers, which may not reflect longitudinal changes. The cohort was free of clinical cardiovascular disease at enrollment, limiting generalizability to higher‑risk populations. External validation in independent cohorts is required to confirm the score’s performance and to determine whether repeated biomarker assessment improves prediction. Moreover, the biological mechanisms linking elevated ketone bodies to atrial remodeling warrant further investigation.
Source
Chevli PA et al. Cardio‑metabolic biomarkers including circulating ketone bodies and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in the multi‑ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2026; PMID 42815840.