Ketone‑targeting strategies in glioma: preclinical insights and translational considerations
Metabolic abnormalities in glioma create a niche that can be exploited by ketogenic metabolic therapies (KMTs). The authors synthesize preclinical data showing that fasting, ketogenic diets, and exogenous ketones can suppress tumor growth and modulate the microenvironment, while clinical reports confirm safety but reveal tolerability and efficacy challenges.
Study and findings
The paper reviews experimental work in glioma models where metabolic interventions that raise circulating ketone bodies—fasting, classical ketogenic diet, or exogenous ketone esters—were applied. In vitro and animal studies reported reduced proliferation, increased oxidative stress in tumor cells, and a shift toward a less immunosuppressive microenvironment. Some preclinical combinations with radiotherapy or temozolomide showed enhanced tumor cell kill. Clinical observations, limited to early‑phase trials and case series, indicated that KMTs are generally well tolerated and do not exacerbate standard therapy toxicity, but patient adherence varied and measurable metabolic shifts were modest.
Clinical interpretation
These findings suggest that ketone elevation can create a metabolic stress that glioma cells, which rely heavily on glycolysis, may not readily compensate for. The preclinical data provide a mechanistic rationale for integrating KMTs with conventional modalities, yet the clinical reports stop short of demonstrating a clear therapeutic benefit. Safety appears acceptable, but the variability in achieving sustained ketosis raises questions about the feasibility of routine implementation in neuro‑oncology practice.
Limitations and open questions
The review relies on heterogeneous preclinical models that differ in tumor genotype, host metabolism, and ketone delivery method, limiting direct extrapolation to patients. Clinical evidence is confined to small, uncontrolled cohorts, preventing assessment of efficacy or dose‑response relationships. Future work needs rigorously designed randomized trials that standardize ketone dosing, monitor metabolic biomarkers, and evaluate hard clinical endpoints such as progression‑free survival.
Source
Ioannou M, Schreck KC. Ketone‑targeting Approaches in Glioma. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2026 Sep;30(3):123‑138.