Alternative and adjunctive therapies for GLUT1 deficiency syndrome: findings from a systematic review
A systematic review of 22 heterogeneous studies (n=290) examined non‑ketogenic and adjunctive interventions for paediatric GLUT1‑DS. Modified Atkins diet variants and acetazolamide showed the most consistent benefit, while evidence for triheptanoin, lactate, and glucose‑based strategies remained inconclusive.
Study and findings
The authors performed a PRISMA‑compliant systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov up to November 2025. Twenty‑two reports comprising 290 children with genetically confirmed GLUT1‑DS were eligible. The interventions evaluated were diverse: modified Atkins diet (MAD) variants, triheptanoin, intravenous sodium lactate, acetazolamide, zonisamide, diazoxide, intermittent glucose administration, and combined dietary‑pharmacologic regimens. Because of marked clinical and methodological heterogeneity, the authors presented a narrative synthesis rather than pooled effect estimates. Across the included literature, MAD variants and acetazolamide were repeatedly associated with improvements in seizure frequency, movement disorder severity, or neurodevelopmental scores. Triheptanoin produced mixed results, with some reports noting benefit and others reporting no change. Evidence for lactate infusion or intermittent glucose was limited to small case series and deemed of high risk of bias.
Clinical interpretation
For patients who cannot initiate, tolerate, or sustain the classic ketogenic diet, the review suggests that a modified Atkins approach—still low in carbohydrates but less restrictive than the CKD—may provide comparable seizure control in a subset of children. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, also emerged as a pharmacologic option with consistent positive signals, possibly acting through modulation of neuronal excitability independent of ketone production. The inconsistent findings for triheptanoin, an odd‑chain triglyceride that supplies anaplerotic substrates, indicate that its efficacy may depend on individual metabolic context or dosing, which remains undefined. Intravenous lactate and intermittent glucose, while theoretically attractive for bypassing the transport defect, lack robust data and should be considered experimental.
Limitations and open questions
The evidence base is fragmented: study designs range from randomized trials to single‑patient case reports, sample sizes are small, and outcome measures are not standardized. Consequently, the magnitude of benefit for MAD or acetazolamide cannot be quantified, and safety profiles are incompletely described. Moreover, the review did not identify any head‑to‑head comparisons between alternative therapies, limiting conclusions about relative efficacy. Future research should prioritize multicenter, prospective trials with uniform seizure and neurodevelopmental endpoints, and should explore biomarkers that predict response to specific non‑ketogenic strategies.
Source
Falsaperla R, Ben Amer S, Sortino V. Beyond the classic ketogenic diet: A systematic review of alternative and adjunctive therapies for GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsy Res. 2026 Sep 23;doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2026.107926. PMID: 42800429.