Access to ketogenic dietary therapies for drug‑resistant epilepsy in Italy: findings from a national LICE survey
A cross‑sectional survey of Italian epilepsy centres revealed that less than half directly provide ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs). Pediatric and Level III centres were more likely to implement KDTs, while organizational constraints and limited multidisciplinary expertise were the main barriers reported.
Study and findings
The Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE) distributed an anonymous electronic questionnaire to professionals in LICE‑affiliated epilepsy centres. Seventy‑nine responses were analysed; most respondents were adult neurologists (59 %) and nearly half worked in tertiary referral hospitals. Direct implementation of KDTs was reported by 46.8 % of centres, 15.1 % relied on external referral, and 31.6 % expressed interest in starting a program. The most frequently cited organisational barriers were lack of dedicated staff (76 %) and insufficient multidisciplinary expertise (80 %). Patient‑ and caregiver‑related adherence issues were also common (≈70 %). Pediatric centres implemented KDTs more often than adult centres (68.8 % vs 31.9 %; OR 4.69, 95 % CI 1.78‑12.34). Multivariable logistic regression identified paediatric setting and Level III centre status as independent predictors of direct KDT provision. Almost nine out of ten respondents supported the creation of training programmes and simplified protocols.
Clinical interpretation
The survey highlights a substantial gap between guideline recommendations for KDT use in drug‑resistant epilepsy and actual practice in Italy. The higher adoption rate in paediatric and Level III centres suggests that institutional resources and specialised expertise facilitate implementation. Conversely, the predominance of organisational constraints indicates that even when clinicians recognise the therapeutic value of KDTs, the lack of dedicated personnel and multidisciplinary teams hampers delivery. Patient‑ and caregiver adherence concerns, reported by the majority, underscore the need for structured education and support mechanisms to improve acceptance.
Limitations and open questions
The data derive from self‑reported questionnaires, which may be subject to selection bias and inaccurate reporting of centre capabilities. The cross‑sectional design precludes assessment of temporal changes in KDT availability or of outcomes associated with different implementation models. It remains unclear how the identified barriers translate into patient‑level access and seizure control, and whether hub‑and‑spoke networks or standardized protocols would effectively close the gap. Prospective studies evaluating the impact of targeted training and organisational interventions on KDT uptake and clinical outcomes are needed.
Source
Source: Messana T et al., Access to ketogenic dietary therapies for drug‑resistant epilepsy in Italy: Insights from a LICE national survey. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2026.