High-Fat, High-Protein, Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets in Pompe Disease: Findings from a Case Series
A small case series of twelve patients with infantile- or late‑onset Pompe disease received individualized high‑fat, high‑protein, carbohydrate‑restricted diets alongside enzyme replacement therapy. Over a median of 23.5 months, motor function and muscle strength were stabilized or modestly improved, and creatine kinase levels fell, with no serious diet‑related adverse events reported.
Study and findings
The authors reported a retrospective case series involving twelve individuals with Pompe disease (seven infantile‑onset, five late‑onset). All participants were placed on carbohydrate‑restricted, high‑fat dietary regimens that varied from a classic ketogenic diet to modified Atkins or other low‑carbohydrate high‑fat protocols. Fat contributed 54–82% of total energy, and protein was supplied at 1.7–4.0 g/kg/day to protect muscle mass. Diet duration exceeded three months for every patient, with a median follow‑up of 23.5 months (range 3–48 months). Concurrent enzyme replacement therapy was continued in all but one late‑onset patient, who relied solely on the diet. Across the observation period, patients showed stabilization or mild‑to‑moderate gains in motor assessments, proximal strength, and endurance (e.g., six‑minute walk distance). Serum creatine kinase decreased significantly by the third month (p = 0.015). No serious adverse events related to the dietary protocol were recorded.
Clinical interpretation
These observations suggest that a high‑fat, high‑protein, carbohydrate‑restricted diet can be tolerated long‑term in Pompe disease and may complement enzyme replacement therapy by supporting muscle preservation and modest functional gains. The reduction in creatine kinase hints at decreased muscle membrane leakage, which aligns with the reported strength and endurance trends. However, the uncontrolled nature of the series precludes attribution of the improvements solely to the diet; concurrent enzyme therapy and natural disease variability could also contribute.
Limitations and open questions
The case series lacks a control group, randomization, and blinding, limiting causal inference. Sample size is small and heterogeneous regarding disease onset, age at diet initiation, and specific dietary protocol, which hampers generalizability. Objective functional outcomes were reported qualitatively or with limited quantitative detail, and long‑term safety beyond the reported period remains unknown. Future prospective, controlled trials are needed to determine the magnitude of benefit, optimal macronutrient ratios, and any metabolic risks associated with sustained high‑fat intake in this population.
Source
Source: Kisa P et al. A High-Fat, High-Protein, Carbohydrate-Restricted Dietary Interventions in Pompe Disease: A Case Series with Long-Term Follow-Up. Ann Nutr Metab. 2026.