In a mouse model of experimental autoimmune glaucoma, a ketogenic diet increased circulating β‑hydroxybutyrate, suppressed Müller cell activation, and lowered retinal neuroinflammatory markers. Proteomic analysis identified altered FOXO3A acetylation and up‑regulation of metallothionein‑2A as potential mediators.
Study and findings
The authors established an experimental autoimmune glaucoma (EAG) model in C57BL/6 mice and cultured primary Müller cells. Serum ketone body concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry and found to be significantly lower in both patients with primary open‑angle glaucoma and EAG mice, independent of intraocular pressure. Mice fed a ketogenic diet (KD) showed elevated circulating β‑hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and increased expression of enzymes involved in ketone metabolism. Immunofluorescence and optical coherence tomography demonstrated that KD reduced markers of Müller cell activation (e.g., GFAP) and decreased retinal infiltration of inflammatory cells. A 4D data‑independent acquisition proteomic workflow identified increased acetylation of FOXO3A and up‑regulation of metallothionein‑2A in retinal tissue and cultured Müller cells from KD‑treated animals.
Clinical interpretation
These preclinical data suggest that impaired ketone body metabolism may be a feature of glaucoma pathology and that restoring ketone availability through a KD can modulate Müller cell phenotype toward a less inflammatory state. The observed changes in FOXO3A acetylation align with known roles of FOXO transcription factors in oxidative stress responses and immune regulation, providing a mechanistic link between ketone metabolism and retinal neuroinflammation. While the findings are limited to an autoimmune mouse model, they raise the possibility that dietary modulation of ketone bodies could complement existing glaucoma management strategies aimed at neuroprotection.
Limitations and open questions
The study is confined to a single animal model and in vitro Müller cell cultures; translation to human glaucoma remains speculative. Serum ketone measurements in patients were cross‑sectional, precluding causal inference. The KD composition (macronutrient ratios, caloric intake) was not detailed, limiting reproducibility. Moreover, the functional impact on retinal ganglion cell survival was not directly assessed. Future work should evaluate long‑term visual outcomes, dose‑response relationships of BHB, and whether similar FOXO3A acetylation patterns occur in human retinal tissue.
Source
Tan S, Wang X, Zheng Y, Mou Z, Zeng L, Yuan J, et al. Ketogenic diet attenuates Müller cell activation and retinal neuroinflammation in autoimmune glaucoma through acetylation‑mediated FOXO signalling. Int J Mol Med. 2026;58(5):321. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5992. PMID: 42757470.