In a mouse model of sepsis‑related liver injury, pretreatment with a ketone ester lowered serum transaminases and histologic damage. The benefit depended on lysine β‑hydroxybutyrylation of STAT1 at residue K679, a modification that limited M1 macrophage polarization.
Study and findings
The authors used C57BL/6 mice and generated a knock‑in line carrying a STAT1 K679R substitution, which prevents β‑hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) at that site. Wild‑type and mutant mice received an oral ketone ester (KE) before intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to provoke septic liver injury. In wild‑type animals, KE pretreatment reduced hepatic histopathology, lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and shifted the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio toward anti‑apoptotic signaling. These protective effects were markedly blunted in STAT1 K679R mice. KE increased STAT1 Kbhb in liver tissue of wild‑type mice, an effect that was absent in the mutant. In cultured RAW264.7 macrophages, the K679R mutation diminished β‑OHB‑induced STAT1 Kbhb, whereas AML12 hepatocytes showed no change, indicating a cell‑type specificity. KE also suppressed hepatic M1 macrophage markers (IL‑6, IL‑12) and STAT1 Ser727 phosphorylation after LPS in wild‑type mice; the suppression was reduced in the K679R line.
Clinical interpretation
The data suggest that exogenous ketone supplementation can mitigate sepsis‑related hepatic injury by modifying STAT1 through Kbhb at lysine 679. This post‑translational change appears to dampen pro‑inflammatory M1 macrophage activation, a key driver of liver damage in endotoxemia. Because the effect was lost when the modification site was blocked, STAT1 K679 Kbhb emerges as a mechanistic link between ketone metabolism and inflammatory signaling. While the study is preclinical, it highlights a potential therapeutic avenue for patients with septic liver dysfunction, provided that similar molecular pathways operate in humans.
Limitations and open questions
The investigation relied on a single mouse strain and an acute LPS model, which may not capture the complexity of human sepsis. The knock‑in approach eliminates only one Kbhb site; other modifications of STAT1 or unrelated proteins could also contribute to the observed protection. The study did not assess functional outcomes such as survival or long‑term liver regeneration. Moreover, the translational relevance of oral ketone ester dosing in critically ill patients remains uncertain, as does the safety of sustained STAT1 Kbhb modulation. Future work should explore dose‑response relationships, confirm the pathway in human immune cells, and test whether KE improves clinically meaningful endpoints in sepsis models.
Source
Bai Y, Li K, Zhu D, Li R, Yan Y, Zhong C, et al. Ketone ester alleviates sepsis-associated liver injury through β-hydroxybutyrylation of STAT1. Immunobiology. 2026;231(5):153243. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2026.153243. PMID: 42732658.