In female C57BL/6 mice, a 4‑week high‑fat ketogenic diet altered hepatic cytochrome P450 expression and activity, notably increasing CYP1A and decreasing CYP2C activity. Ozanimod plasma exposure was on average 17 % higher, but the difference did not reach statistical significance.
Study and findings
Fifty‑two 8‑ to 10‑week‑old specific‑pathogen‑free female C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive either a control diet (10 % kcal from fat, 80 % from carbohydrate, 10 % protein) or a ketogenic diet (90 % kcal from fat, 10 % protein) for four weeks. Ketogenic feeding produced the expected metabolic shift: plasma β‑hydroxybutyrate rose, and plasma cholesterol increased significantly. Gut‑microbiota composition changed, while most other metabolic and inflammatory markers showed only modest variation.
Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes were examined at the mRNA and activity levels. CYP1A expression and activity were significantly elevated in ketogenic‑fed mice. CYP2C activity was reduced in pooled liver samples, and CYP3A activity displayed a non‑significant trend toward lower values. Ozanimod was administered orally at 5 mg kg⁻¹ after the diet period, and plasma concentrations were measured over 24 hours. The area under the concentration‑time curve (AUC) was approximately 17 % higher in the ketogenic group, but the increase did not achieve statistical significance.
Clinical interpretation
The data indicate that a high‑fat ketogenic regimen can remodel hepatic drug‑metabolizing capacity in mice, chiefly by up‑regulating CYP1A and down‑regulating CYP2C activity. Because ozanimod metabolism relies on CYP1A, CYP2C and CYP3A isoforms, these enzyme shifts provide a plausible mechanistic basis for the observed, albeit non‑significant, rise in systemic exposure. If a comparable enzyme modulation occurs in humans, ketogenic dietary interventions could contribute to inter‑individual variability in ozanimod pharmacokinetics and possibly affect therapeutic outcomes. However, the magnitude of the AUC change was modest and did not reach statistical significance, suggesting that any clinical impact would likely be subtle and context‑dependent.
Limitations and open questions
The study was conducted in a single mouse strain, limiting extrapolation to human physiology. Sample sizes for pharmacokinetic sampling were small (three mice per time point), which reduces statistical power to detect modest exposure differences. Enzyme activity was measured in pooled liver samples for some isoforms, preventing assessment of inter‑animal variability. The investigation focused on a single dose and a short‑term dietary exposure; longer‑term or dose‑response effects remain unknown. Finally, the relevance of mouse CYP isoforms to human CYP1A1, CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 activity is imperfect, so direct translation to clinical dosing of ozanimod requires dedicated human studies.
Source
Frybortova V, Satka S, Jourova L, Anzenbacher P, Zapletalova I, Kraus M, et al. Ketogenic diet-induced changes in hepatic drug metabolism with potential implications for ozanimod pharmacokinetics in mice. PLoS One. 2026;21(9):e0357797. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0357797. PMID: 42709766.